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The ribbon is arranged in a hierarchy of tabs, panels, and tools. Panels such as Draw, Modify, and Layers consist of tools which are grouped based on their usage.
Panels in turn are grouped into various tabs. For example, the panels such as Draw, Modify, are Layers are located in the Home tab. You will learn more about these workspaces in Chapter The other components of the user Interface are discussed next. Application Menu The Application Menu appears when you click on the icon located at the top left corner of the window. The Application Menu consists of a list of self-explanatory menus. You can see a list of recently opened documents or a list of currently opened documents by clicking the Recent Documents and Open Documents buttons, respectively.
The Search Bar is used to search for any command. You can type any keyword in the search bar and find a list of commands related to it. Quick Access Toolbar This is located at the top left corner of the window and helps you to access commands, quickly. File tabs Files tabs are located below the ribbon. You can switch between different drawing files by using the file tabs.
Graphics Window Graphics window is the blank space located below the file tabs. You can draw objects and create 3D graphics in the graphics window. The top left corner of the graphics window has In-Canvas Controls. Using these controls, you can set the orientation and display style of the model. Using the ViewCube, you can set the orientation of the model. For example, you can select the top face of the ViewCube to set the orientation to Top. You can click the corner points to set the view to Isometric.
Command line The command line is located below the graphics window. It is very easy to execute a command using the command line. You can just type the first letter of a command and it lists all the commands starting with that letter. This makes you to activate commands very easily and increases your productivity.
Also, the command line shows the current state of the drawing. It shows various prompts while working with any command. These prompts are series of steps needed to successfully execute a command.
You need to click in the graphics window to specify the first point of the line. Now, you need to specify the next point of the line. It is recommended that you should always have a look at the command line to know the next step while executing a command. Usually, the system variables have two or more values. You can control a system variable value from the command line. The 0 value retains the text direction when you mirror it.
Whereas, the 1 value reverses the text direction when you mirror it. A list of system variables, which are monitored by default appears on the dialog. You can know the function of a system variable by clicking the Help icon located next to it. You can change a system variable value in the Preferred column of the dialog.
The Status column shows a yellow triangle if you have changed the default value of a system variable. The Enable balloon notification option shows a balloon on the status bar, if you changed any system variable value. You can click the Reset All button to restore the default values of system variables. You can monitor more system variables by clicking the Edit List button.
Click OK on both the dialogs after changing the values. It contains many buttons which help you to create a drawing very easily. Some buttons are hidden by default. You can display more buttons on the status bar by clicking the Customization button at the bottom right corner and selecting the options from the menu. The buttons available on the status bar are briefly discussed in the following section. Button Description This button is hidden by default. You can show it by Coordinates using the Customization menu.
It displays the drawing coordinates when you move the pointer in the graphics window. You can turn OFF this button by clicking on it. Infer Constraints This icon automatically creates constraints when you draw objects in the graphics window. Constraints are logical operations which control the shape of a drawing. When you turn ON this button, the pointer will be able to select only the Grid points. You can set the spacing between the grid lines by clicking the drown arrow next to the Snap Mode button and selecting the Snap Settings option.
You can use grid lines along with the Snap Mode to draw objects easily and accurately. When the Ortho Mode is ON, only horizontal or vertical lines can be drawn. When the Polar Tracking is turned ON, you can draw lines easily at regular angular increments, such as 30, 45, or 90 degrees. You will notice that a trace line is displayed when the pointer is at a particular angular increment. You can set the angular increment by clicking the down arrow next to this button and selecting the required angle.
This icon is used to switch between planes while drawing isometric views. The orientation of the grid lines change based on the selected isoplane option. When this mode is turned ON, you can easily select the key points of objects such as endpoints, midpoint, and center point and so on. The 3D Object Snap is used to select the key points of 3D objects. When this mode is turned ON, you can easily select points by using the trace lines originating from the key points.
You can directly enter a value in the dynamic input box. You can use Dynamic Input in place of command line. Line weight is the thickness of objects. You can set the thickness of objects by specifying the lineweight.
If the Lineweight is turned OFF, the objects are displayed with the default thickness. You can set the transparency using the Layer Properties Manager. Quick Properties This button is used to display some important properties of a selected object. Selection Cycling is very useful while selecting overlapped objects. Select the required object from the Selection list. The Annotation Monitor checks whether the annotations are attached to their respective objects.
When an annotation is not attached to any object, it displays an error message. Model space is used to create drawings and Paper space is used to print drawings. Annotation Scale This icon controls the size of annotative objects.
Annotative objects are dimensions, texts, notes and other objects which can be sized as per the drawing scale. Annotation Visibility This icon displays annotative objects that are not created in the current scale. AutoScale This icon resizes the annotative objects as per the new drawing scale. Annotation Scale This icon changes the annotation scale of objects. Workspace This icon changes the workspace.
Switching Hardware Acceleration This icon increases or decreases the graphics speed. If you hide an object, it will be hidden and all the other objects in the drawing will be visible. If you isolate an object, the other objects in the drawing will be hidden and the selected object will be visible. Lock UI This icon locks the toolbars, panel, tool palettes and other User Interface elements at their current position. Menu Bar Menu Bar is not displayed by default. However, you can display the Menu Bar in other workspaces by clicking on the down-arrow located at the right side of the Quick Access Toolbar and selecting the Show Menu Bar option.
The Menu Bar is located at the top of the window just below the title bar. Clicking on any of the word on the Menu Bar displays a menu. The menu contains various tools and options.
There are also sub-options available on the menu. These sub-options are displayed if you click on an option with an arrow. If you click on an option with … , a dialog will appear.
Changing the display of the Ribbon You can change the display of the ribbon by clicking the arrow button located at the top of it. The ribbon can be displayed in three different modes as shown below. The system variable value 1 displays a gallery for dimension styles, blocks, table styles, and mleader styles. The value 0 hides the gallery view.
Using a dialog or a palette, you can easily specify many settings and options at time. Examples of dialogs and palettes are a shown below.
Tool Palettes Tool Palettes provide you with another way of selecting tools and placing objects. A Tool Palette is similar to a palette except that it has many palettes grouped in the form of tabs. You can select tools from the Tool Palettes as well as drag and place objects blocks into the drawing. You can also create a new Tool Palette and add frequently used tools and objects to it. Shortcut Menus Shortcut Menus appear when you right-click in the graphics window.
AutoCAD provides various shortcut menus in order to help you access tools and options very easily and quickly. Some of them are discussed next. Right-click Menu This shortcut menu appears whenever you right-click in the graphics window without activating any command or selecting any object. Select and Right-click menu This shortcut menu appears when you select an object from the graphics window and right-click.
It consists of editing and selection options. Command Mode shortcut menu This shortcut menu is appears when you activate a command and right-click. It shows options depending upon the active command. Grip shortcut menu This shortcut menu is displayed when you select a grip of an object, move the pointer and right-click.
It displays various operations that can be performed using grip. Selection Window A selection window is used to select multiple elements of the drawing.
In AutoCAD , you can select multiple elements by using two types of selection windows. The first type is a rectangular selection window. You can create this type of selection window by defining its two diagonal corners.
When you define the first corner of the selection window on the left and second corner on the right side, the elements which completely fall under the selection window will be selected. However, if you define the first corner on the right side and second corner of the left side, the elements, which fall completely or partially under the selection window, will be selected. The second type of selection window is the Lasso. Lasso is an irregular shape created by clicking and dragging the pointer across the elements to select.
If you drag the pointer from the left to right, the elements falling completely under the lasso will be selected. If you drag the pointer from right to left, the elements, which fall completely or partially under the lasso, will be selected. In this dialog, select the acad. Select the acad3D. On the Autodesk AutoCAD —Help window, click the Find option next to the topic; an animated arrow appears on the window showing the tool location. ARC A Used to create an arc. AREA Displays the area of a selected closed object.
This command is available in Block Editor. CAL Used to calculate mathematical expressions. ID Displays the coordinate values of a selected point. MENU Used to load a customization file. OPEN Used to open an existing file.
PAN P Used to drag a drawing to view its different portions. A polyline is a single object which can have continuous lines and arcs. QDIM Used to create a quick dimension.
QUIT Used to close the current drawing session. RAY Used to create a line that starts from a selected point and extends up to infinity. A script is used to run various commands in a sequential manner. TEXT Used to enter text in the drawing. UCS Used to specify the location of the user coordinate system. This file contains drawing data and image data. But only drawing data is imported. Construction lines extend to infinity and help in drawing objects. This is used when working in perspective view.
BOX Used to create a 3D box. Chapter 2: Drawing Basics In this chapter, you will learn to do the following: Draw lines, rectangles, circles, ellipses, arcs, polygons, and polylines Use the Erase, Undo and Redo tools Draw entities using the absolute coordinate points Draw entities using the relative coordinate points Draw entities using the tracking method Drawing Basics This chapter teaches you to create simple drawings.
You will create these drawings using the basic drawing tools. These tools include Line, Circle, Polyline, and Rectangle and so on and they are available in the Draw panel of the ribbon, as shown below. You can also activate these tools by typing them in the command line. Drawing Lines You can draw a line by specifying its start point and end point using the Line tool.
However, there are various methods to specify start and end of a line. These methods are explained in the following examples. Example 1 using the Absolute Coordinate System In this example, you will create lines by specifying points in the absolute coordinate system. In this system, you specify the points with respect to the origin 0, 0. A point will be specified by entering its X and Y coordinates separated by a comma, as shown in figure below.
This starts a new drawing using the ISO template. Click the Customization button on the status bar, and then select Dynamic Input from the flyout. This displays the Dynamic Input icon on the status bar. You will learn about Dynamic Input later in this chapter. Select the Close option from the command line.
This creates a rectangle, as shown below. Click Save on the Quick Access Toolbar. Save as Line-example1. Close the file. Example 2 using Relative Coordinate system In this example, you will draw lines by defining its end points in the relative coordinate system.
In the relative coordinate system, you define the location of a point with respect to the previous point. This symbol means that the coordinate values are defined in relation with the previous point. Click New on the Quick Access Toolbar. Click Open. Click the All option in the command line.
This displays the entire area in the graphics window. Turn OFF the Grid icon on the status bar. This defines the first point of the line.
Save the file as Line-example2. Example 3 using Polar Coordinate system In the polar coordinate system, you define the location of a point by entering two values: distance from the previous point and angle from the zero degrees. You have to make a note that AutoCAD measures the angle in anti-clockwise direction. Type 50,50 and press Enter key. Save the file as Line-example3. You use the Dynamic Input mode in this method. Activate the Dynamic Input icon on the Status Bar.
Move the pointer horizontally toward right and type-in in the length box. Press the TAB key and type 0 as angle. Move the pointer vertically upwards and type-in as length. Press the TAB key and type 90 as angle. Move the pointer horizontally toward left and type Press the TAB key and type as angle. Move the pointer vertically downwards and type Click the Close option in the command line. Save and close the file. Erasing, Undoing and Redoing Draw the sketch similar to the one shown below using the Line tool.
This erases the lines. Click the Undo button on the Quick Access Toolbar. This restores the lines. Click the Redo button on the Quick Access Toolbar.
This erases the lines again. Drawing Circles The tools in the Circle drop-down on the Draw panel can be used to draw circles. There are various methods to create circles. Example 1 Center, Radius In this example, you will create a circle by specifying its center and radius value. Select an arbitrary point in the graphics window to specify the center point.
Example 2 Center, Diameter In this example, you will create a circle by specifying its center and diameter value. Pick a point in the graphics window, which is approximately horizontal to the previous circle.
Example 3 2-Point In this example, you will create a circle by specifying two points. The first point is to specify the location of the circle and the second defines the diameter. Click down arrow next to the Object Snap icon on the status bar. A flyout appears. The options in this flyout are called Object Snaps.
You will learn about these Object Snaps later in Chapter 3. Activate the Center option, if it is not already active. Now, you will create a circle by selecting the center points of the previous circles. Select the center point of the right side circle; the circle will be created a shown below. Example 4 3-Point In this example, you will create a circle by specifying three points. The circle will pass through these three points.
Open a new file. Use the Line tool and create the drawing shown in figure below. The coordinate points are also given in the figure. Select the three vertices of the triangle; a circle will be created passing through the selected points.
Example 5 Tan, Tan, Radius In this example, you will create a circle by selecting two objects, and then specifying the radius of the circle. This creates a circle tangent to objects. Select the circle passing through the three vertices of the triangle; the radius and diameter values of the circle will be displayed above the command line.
Type-in Click the Paste value to command line button on the Quick Calculator; the value Press ENTER to specify the radius; the circle will be created touching all three sides of the triangle.
Example 6 Tan, Tan, Tan In this example, you will create a circle by selecting three objects to which it will be tangent. Browse to the location of Line-example3. Select the bottom horizontal line of the drawing.
Select the two inclined lines. This creates a circle tangent to the selected lines. Drawing Arcs An arc is a portion of a circle. The total angle of an arc will always be less than degrees, whereas the total angle of a circle is degrees.
AutoCAD provides you with eleven ways to draw an arc. You can draw arcs in different ways by using the tools available in the Arcs drop-down of the Draw panel. The usage of these tools will depend on your requirement. Some methods to create arcs are explained in the following examples. Example 1 3-Point In this example, you will create an arc by specifying three points.
The arc will pass through these points. Open the Line-example1. Expand the Draw panel in the Home tab and select the Multiple Points tool.
This places a point above the rectangle. Click the down arrow next to the Object Snap icon on the status bar, and then select the Node option from the menu. Select the top left corner of the rectangle. Select the point located above the rectangle.
Select the top right corner of the rectangle; the three point arc will be created. Example 2 Start, Center, End In this example, you will draw an arc by specifying its start, center and end points. The first two points define the radius of the arc and third point defines its included angle. The included angle of the arc is measured in the counter-clockwise direction. Press and hold the Ctrl key, if you want to reverse the direction.
Pick an arbitrary point in the graphics window to define the start point of an arc. Pick a point to define the radius of the circle.
You will notice that, as you move the pointer, the included angle of the arc changes. Pick a point to define the included angle of the arc. The dimensions are also given in the figure. Select the start and end points of the arc as shown in figure.
Move the pointer vertically downward and click to specify the direction. Likewise, create another arc. Drawing Polylines A Polyline is a single object that consists of line segments and arcs.
It is more versatile than a line as you can assign a width to it. In the following example, you will create a closed polyline. Select an arbitrary point in the graphics window. Move the pointer horizontally toward right and type Select the Arc option from the command line.
Move the pointer vertically upward and type Select the Line option from the command line. Select the CLose option from the command line. Now, when you select a line segment from the sketch, the whole sketch will be selected. This is because the polyline created is a single object.
Drawing Rectangles A rectangle is a four sided single object. You can create a rectangle by just specifying its two diagonal corners. However, there are various methods to create a rectangle. Example 1 In this example, you will create a rectangle by specifying it corner points. Move the pointer diagonally toward right and click to create a rectangle. Example 2 In this example, you will create a rectangle by specifying its length and width. Specify the first corner of the rectangle by picking an arbitrary point in the graphics window.
Example 3 In this example, you will create a rectangle by specifying its area and width. Specify the first corner of the rectangle by picking an arbitrary point. Example 4 In this example, you will create a rectangle with chamfered corners. Example 5 In this example, you will create a rectangle with rounded corners. Example 6 In this example, you will create an inclined rectangle. Drawing Polygons A Polygon is a single object having many sides ranging from 3 to In AutoCAD, you can create regular polygons having sides with equal length.
There are two methods to create a polygon. Example 1 In this example, you will create a polygon by specifying the number of sides, and then specifying the length of one side. Follow the prompt sequence given next. Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Select the Edge option from the command line. Specify first endpoint of edge: Select an arbitrary point.
Example 2 In this example, you will create a polygon by specifying the number of sides, and drawing an imaginary circle inscribed circle. The polygon will be created with its corners located on the imaginary circle.
You can also create a polygon with the circumscribed circle. A circumscribed circle is an imaginary circle which is tangent to all the sides of a polygon. Specify radius of circle: Type 20 and press ENTER; a polygon will be created with its corners touching the imaginary circle. Drawing Splines Splines are non-uniform curves, which are used to create irregular shapes. These methods are explained in the following examples: Example 1: Spline Fit In this example, you will create a spline using the Spline Fit method.
In this method you need to specify various points in the graphics window. The spline will be created passing through the specified points. Start a new drawing file. Use the Line tool and create a sketch similar to the one shown below. Select the top-left corner point of the sketch. Similarly, select the top-right and lower-right corners; a spline will be attached to the pointer. In this method, you will specify various points called control vertices.
As you specify the control vertices, imaginary lines are created connecting them. The spline will be drawn tangent to these lines. Select the four corners of the sketch in the same sequence as in the earlier example.
Example 2: Create a polyline, as shown. Activate the Spline CV button. Select Object from the command line. Select the polyline and press Enter. Drawing Ellipses Ellipses are also non-uniform curves, but they have a regular shape.
They are actually splines created in a regular closed shape. In AuoCAD, you can draw an ellipse in three different ways by using the tools available in the Ellipse drop-down of the Draw panel. The three different ways to draw ellipses are explained in following examples. Example 1 Center In this example, you will draw an ellipse by specifying three points.
The first point defines the center of the ellipse. Second and third points define the two axes of the ellipse. Move the pointer horizontally and type Example 2 Axis, End In this example, you will draw an ellipse by specifying three points. The first two points define the location and length of the first axis.
The third point defines the second axis of the ellipse. Activate the Dynamic Input on the status bar, if it is not active. Select an arbitrary point to specify an axis endpoint.
Type 50 as length of the first axis and press TAB. Type 10 as radius of the second axis and press ENTER; the ellipse will be created inclined at 60 degree angle. Example 3 Elliptical Arc In this example, you will draw an elliptical arc.
To draw an elliptical arc, first you need to define the location and length of the first axis. Next, define the radius of the second axis; an ellipse will be displayed. Now, you need to define the start angle of the elliptical arc. The start angle can be any angle between 0 and After defining the start angle, you need to specify the end angle of the elliptical arc. Turn on the Ortho Mode on the Status bar. Move the pointer upward and type Most drawing settings can be turned on or off from the status bar.
You can also access additional drawing settings by right-clicking on the button located on the status bar. It is very easy to execute a command using the command line. You can just type the first letter of a command and it lists all the commands starting with that letter.
This makes you to activate commands very easily and increases your productivity. Also, the command line shows the current state of the drawing. It shows various prompts while working with any command. These prompts are series of steps needed to successfully execute a command.
For example, when you activate the LINE command, the command line displays a prompt, Specify the first point. You need to click in the graphics window to specify the first point of the line. After specifying the first point, the prompt, Specify next point or [Undo]: appears.
Now, you need to specify the next point of the line. It is recommended that you should always have a look at the command line to know the next step while executing a command. System variables control the behavior of various functions and commands in AutoCAD. Usually, the system variables have two or more values. You can control a system variable value from the command line.
The 0 value retains the text direction when you mirror it. Whereas, the 1 value reverses the text direction when you mirror it. A list of system variables, which are monitored by default appears on the dialog. You can know the function of a system variable by clicking the Help icon located next to it. You can change a system variable value in the Preferred column of the dialog.
The Status column shows a yellow triangle if you have changed the default value of a system variable. The Enable balloon notification option shows a balloon on the status bar, if you changed any system variable value.
You can click the Reset All button to restore the default values of system variables. You can monitor more system variables by clicking the Edit List button. Click OK on both the dialogs after changing the values. It contains many buttons which help you to create a drawing very easily. Some buttons are hidden by default. You can display more buttons on the status bar by clicking the Customization button at the bottom right corner and selecting the options from the menu.
The buttons available on the status bar are briefly discussed in the following section. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Explore Ebooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All Ebooks. Explore Audiobooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All audiobooks. Explore Magazines. Editors' Picks All magazines. Explore Podcasts All podcasts. Difficulty Beginner Intermediate Advanced.
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Press Enter and then Esc. Click any one of the chairs to select the polar array. Hover the cursor over the base point grip and choose Stretch Radius see Figure 4. Type 5f9 or for metric ; then press Enter and Esc. The chairs more closely wrap around the smaller table. Instead, these com- mands are used for arraying points.
Click the Extend tool on the Modify panel it is nested under Trim. Select the inner line of the bottom core wall and press Enter. Create a crossing window by clicking points A and B, as shown in This line will be the boundary edge that Figure 4. Four tread lines are extended. Click each remaining you will extend the tread line, one at a time, to extend all the stair treads to the core wall. Press Enter to end the command. Type TR for Trim and press Enter.
Select the upper and lower handrail lines to act as cutting edges and press Enter. Make a narrow crossing window in the center of the handrail to trim away all the treads that pass through the handrails and press Enter. Type EX for Extend and press Enter.
Hold Shift and click each one of the treads passing through the handrail. Type and press Enter. Click the line segment on the right side of the incomplete copy machine to lengthen it toward the right. Type S for Stretch and press Enter. Click points A and B as shown in Figure 4. Toggle on Ortho if it is not already on. Click a base point off to the right side of the door opening, well away from the geometry so that you do not inadvertently snap to anything.
Move the cursor down www. The wall, door, and swing end up more or less centered on the wall. Click the Offset tool on the Modify panel. Select the elliptical arc at the bottom edge of the Copy Room. The command line asks you to specify a point to determine on which side of the selection to offset the new object. In this case, click anywhere above the elliptical arc, and a new ellipse is created such that its curvature matches the original but is spaced a set distance away.
Press Esc to exit the command. Type F for Fillet , press Enter, and click the new elliptical arc and the inner line of the adjacent vertical wall on the right. Press the spacebar to repeat the FILLET command and click the elliptical arc and inner line of the adjacent vertical wall on the left.
The intersections between the wall objects are cleaned up see Figure 4. Zoom into the furniture system that is missing two desks in the upper-right quadrant of the building.
Click the Mirror tool on the Modify panel. Make crossing and individual line selections to select the desks and chairs shown in Figure 4.
The command line reads as follows: Specify first point of mirror line: Click point A, and then move the cursor up and click point B to draw the mirror line. Double-click the mouse wheel to zoom to the drawing extents. Select the furniture system indicated in Figure 4. The origin point is at Mirror a copy here. Select this group. Press Enter to complete the command and decline to erase the source object by pressing Enter again.
Select the inner line of the window wall directly below the sofas, right-click, and choose Properties from the context menu. Make a note that the Angle property of this line is Click both sofas and the coffee table in between them to select all three. Click the grip in the center of the coffee table to activate it and turn it red. Press the spacebar again. Type 'CAL to invoke the command-line calculator transparently. Type Negative angles rotate 6. You learned several methods for selecting objects so they can be edited with these commands.
In addition, you learned how to edit objects directly, without issuing commands, by editing with grips. You can also create splines that seamlessly blend between existing straight or curved objects while maintaining smooth or tangent continuity. Exercise 5. Figure 5. Click the Polyline tool on the Draw panel of the ribbon. Type A for Arc and press Enter. Toggle off Ortho and Polar Tracking modes if they are on. Observe that the arc you are drawing by default opposes the natural curvature of the lake see Figure 5.
Type S for Second Point and press Enter. Click point B shown in I Figure 5. Right-click the Object Snap toggle in the status bar and turn on Node and Endpoint in the menu. Toggle off any other snap options that are selected. Toggle on Object Snap if it is off. Click each subsequent node around the left half of the lake until you By turning on Node reach point C in Figure 5.
Press the spacebar to repeat the last command. Click point D shown in Figure 5. Click each subsequent node around the right side of the lake until I you reach point E in Figure 5. Press Enter.
Click the Offset tool in the Modify panel. Type 6 f or 2 for metric to guide you in the and press Enter. Click the left polyline you drew around the lake in exercise. Click the right polyline and click outside the lake. Click necessary when drawing the outer arc surrounding the pentagonal structure and then click curves on your own.
Click the Trim tool in the Modify panel. Press Enter to select all objects as potential cutting edges, and click the portions of the arcs that overlap in the top highlighted area in Figure 5. Zoom into the lower highlighted area, and trim the arcs at their tips so that they meet at their endpoints. Pan to the building at the bottom of the lake. Click the lower-left Objective polyline to select it.
Click the endpoint grip, move it down a short distance, and click again see Figure 5. Press Esc and then click the Undo button in the Quick Access toolbar. Click the Arc tool in the Draw panel, hold down Shift and right-click, and choose Nearest from the context menu. Click points A, B, and C in Figure 5. Press Enter twice to end and restart the ARC command.
Type J for Join and press Enter. Press Enter, and the command line reads as follows: 14 segments joined into 1 polyline There are 14 segments if you include all the arcs that make up the two polylines. You are left with a single polyline marking the outer edge of the path. Press the spacebar to repeat the JOIN command. Select the three objects along the inner edge of the path, which includes two polylines and the arc above the pentagon. Press Enter, and multiple segments are joined into one polyline see Figure 5.
The streamlined collinear lines even if there is a gap between JOIN command makes the older workflow unnecessary. Use it on lines, 2D and them. The resulting object type depends on what was selected. Instead of stretching a cord from two pins to a moving pencil point which is how you draw an ellipse by hand , in AutoCAD you specify the lengths of its major and minor axes see Figure 5. J The center of an ellipse Minor axis Center is the intersection of its major and minor axes.
Begin by opening Ex Zoom into the area in the lower left where the remaining point objects are located. The size of point objects is recalculated when the drawing is regenerated. Open the Ellipse menu in the Draw panel and choose the Center Objective method. Click the center point, the end of the major axis, and the end of the minor axis, shown in Figure 5. Expand the Modify panel and click the Break button. Select the ellipse.
Every ellipse has four quadrant points 5. Right-click the Object Snap toggle in the status bar, and select corresponding to the Quadrant from the context menu.
Click the quadrant point opposite cardinal directions: the point object marking the end of the major axis see Figure 5. The lower half of the ellipse remains, leaving an I elliptical arc.
Select the elliptical arc. Press Enter to accept the default when asked if you want to align the block with the selected object. Type 13 for the number of segments and press Enter. Delete the three points used in drawing the ellipse, the elliptical arc itself, and the white circle, which is the original Shrub block. You deleted the layout geometry and are now left with precisely positioned shrubs. Fortunately, it is easy to switch between CVs and Fit Points editing modes, so you can make up your mind about which method to use to suit the situation.
A control frame connects CVs and represents the maximum possible curvature between adjacent CVs. You will now draw a CV spline around the lake. Continue clicking points all the way around the lake. Click the I spline you just drew to reveal its CVs see Figure 5. Position the cursor over a CV and observe the multifunction grip menu. Select Stretch Vertex, move the cursor, and click to relocate that particular CV.
Try adding and removing vertices using the corresponding choices on the multifunction grip menu see Figure 5. Another way to affect the shape of a spline is to adjust the weights of individual CVs.
Vertices with higher 8. Type W for Weight and press Enter. Zoom out until you can see all the vertices, locate the red one, press Enter repeatedly to choose the default option Next , and move the red CV one position at a time until your chosen CV turns red.
The weights you Type 2 and press Enter see Figure 5. The spline will get closer need to enter depend to the red CV and its control frame. Type where you placed the a value appropriate to your particular situation and press Enter. CVs when creating the curve in step 2. We set a weight of 0. Type X for Exit and press Enter.
Type IM for Image and press Enter. The External References palette I appears. The curve is drawn closer to the control frame near the weighted CV. Right-click Pond in the External References palette and choose Detach. Close the External References palette. Select the pond spline and change its color to Blue in the Properties panel. The pond is now represented by a blue curve rather than a blue image see Figure 5.
The SKETCH command is admittedly dif- ficult to use with a mouse, so if you have a stylus and a drawing tablet, try using them for a more natural drawing feel. Zoom into the area at the bottom of the lake. Expand the Draw panel and click the Spline Fit tool at the top left. Toggle on Object Snap mode in the status bar with Node snap on and click the top point, the point on the right, the bottom, and then the one on the left. Type C for Close and press Enter. This will be the start of an abstract tree representation.
Expand the Modify panel and click the Edit Spline button. Select the curve you drew in step 2. Choose Fit Data from the dynamic input menu. Then choose Add from the next dynamic input menu that appears. Click the curve in www. To use this feature, click the spline to select it, hover the cursor over the rightmost point, and choose Add Fit Point from the menu that appears. Hold Shift, right-click, and choose Nearest from the context menu.
Click a point between the right and bottom points. Click Fit Data from the dynamic prompt menu. Press Enter three times to exit the command fully. Click each kink grip, and move it in toward the center to create an abstract representation of a tree see Figure 5. Blend curves join the endpoints of the two objects with a curve having either www.
There is a subtle difference between these types of blending. A blend curve with tangent continuity has its control frame parallel to the control frame of the adjacent curve.
Not only does a blend curve with smooth continuity have its control frame parallel to the control frame of the adjacent curve, but the control frames have equal lengths. A CV spline with tangent continuity blends between the two arcs.
Click two adjacent arcs to create another blend curve see Figure 5. Continue blending all the adjacent curves in the tree. Now You Know In this chapter, you learned how to draw and edit curved polylines, ellipses, elliptical arcs, and splines. You also learned the control vertex and fit point methods for editing splines, and you created smooth and tangent blend curves between existing curved elements. All objects have properties that control their appearance—color, linetype, lineweight, and so on.
The layers to which objects are assigned usually control general object properties, but these properties can be set on a per-object basis as well. When you draw a line, you are ultimately specifying its geometric properties the start point and the endpoint.
Likewise, when you draw a circle, you are just specifying its center point and radius properties. Geometric properties are the most www. In addition to geometric properties, all objects share a short list of general properties: layer, color, linetype, linetype scale, lineweight, transparency, and thickness.
Although general properties are assigned on a per-object basis, they are usually controlled by using layers. Exercise 6.
Figure 6. However, only 2. Click the line of the desk immediately adjacent to the Reception text Objective common are displayed. Open the layer drop-down and observe that the layer in blue is what is currently assigned. Select Desk see Figure 6. Observe that the line whose layer property you changed now appears violet, like the other objects on the Desk layer. Expand the Layers panel and click the Merge tool. Click one of the brown lines in the upper portion of the reception desk and press Enter.
Click the violet line you changed to the Desk layer in step 5 and press Enter. Do you wish to continue? Choose Yes from the dynamic prompt menu. The Desk-High layer is deleted, and the objects that were on it have been reassigned to the I Desk layer. The display is regenerated. Expand the Properties panel and click the List tool.
Pan over and layer and everything on it. Be careful, select the Business Development text object by clicking it and though, to avoid pressing Enter. The AutoCAD Text window appears, displaying the deleting valuable following property information: information. Select the View tab on the ribbon and, on the Palettes panel, click the Objective Properties tool to open the Properties panel. Select the Business Development text object you selected in step Many of its properties appear in the panel see Figure 6.
Property values that are editable are displayed on a black background when selected. J Although the LIST command shows some property information that does not appear in the Properties panel, most people prefer using the panel because much of the data is directly editable.
Press Esc to deselect the text object. You can now close the Properties panel. Set the Current Layer Objects are always drawn on the current layer, and there is only one current layer at any given time.
Every drawing has at least one layer, layer 0 zero , which is current by default when you create a new drawing. You cannot delete or rename layer 0 or Exercise 6. Select the Home tab on the ribbon. Click the Rectangle tool on the Draw panel, and click a point a few inches no need to measure from the lower-left corner of the room.
Press Shift, right-click, and choose the None object snap to override any running object snap modes whenever necessary. Select the rectangle you drew in the previous step, and change its Layer assignment to Furniture in the Quick Properties window that appears.
Notice that Furniture 4. Open closed; Furniture is now the current layer. Pan over to the Marketing space. Click the Rectangle tool on the Draw panel, and click a point a few inches without measuring from the lower-right corner of the room. Type ,72 or , for metric and press Enter to create a credenza in Marketing see Figure 6.
Select the rectangle you drew in the previous step, and verify that it is on the Furniture layer in the Quick Properties window that appears. Pan over to the closet in Marketing. One of the lines representing shelves is missing. You will draw the missing line on the same layer as the existing shelf line.
Toggle on Endpoint and Perpendicular running object snap modes on learning the layer the status bar, if they are not already on. Click the Line tool on the Draw panel, and draw the line shown in then setting its layer Figure 6. Draw this line. Type DS and press Enter. Select the coffee table in Marketing. Notice that the entry in the Layer drop-down in the Layers panel changes to layer 0; this does not mean that layer 0 is current Millwork is , only that the selected item is on layer 0.
Open the Layer drop-down menu in Quick Properties, and click A preview of property changes appears Furniture see Figure 6. Pan over to the lounge room. Click the Match tool in the Layers panel, select the coffee table panel. The coffee table is now assigned to the same layer as the sofas Furniture.
Click Settings on the command line; the Property Settings dialog box appears. You can match many properties in addition to layers with this tool see Figure 6. Mergin ng Layers You can merge the contents of multiple layers into a single layer.
First, select the layers you want to merge in the Layer Properties Manager using the Ctrl key to select multiple nonsequential layers , right-click, and select Merge Selected Layers To. You are then presented with a dialog box where you can select the single destination layer from a list.
The source layers are automatically purged after their contents are merged into the destination layer. In AutoCAD, simply displaying some layers while hiding others allows you to create some of the drawings required to describe the space graphically.
To understand better how to do this, you need to learn how to toggle layer status, isolate layers to work without distraction, and save layer states to recall the layer status of multiple layers quickly. Toggle off the Desk layer as well. Click outside the Layer drop-down menu to close it. Choose Yes from the dynamic prompt. Open the Layer drop-down menu in the Layers panel and set layer 0 as current. Click the Zoom Extents tool in the Navigation bar.
Notice that there is a gap between the bottom wall of the building and the lower edge of the drawing canvas. Open the Layer drop-down menu in the Layers panel and freeze the Porch layer. Press Esc to close the drop-down menu. Click the Zoom Extents tool in the Navigation bar again. Click the Lock tool in the Layers panel. Select one of the lights. Type E for Erase and press Enter. Click a different light, and observe a tiny padlock appear near the object. The gap disappears Your model should now resemble Ex You can quickly isolate one or more layers to work on them without the visual clutter of all the other layers.
Click the Isolate tool on the Layers panel and then make a crossing provide security other selection through one of the windows. Press Enter, and all the other than disallowing layers disappear see Figure 6. Select each one of the nine sill lines on the inside of the building and press Enter. Click Name on the command line. The Copy To Layer dialog box appears see Figure 6. J There are now nine lines on the Sill layer and nine duplicate lines on the Header layer.
Click the Unisolate tool on the Layers panel. The layers return to the way they were before you used the Isolate tool. Click one of the sills on the outside of the building to turn off the Sill layer and press Enter. Zoom into the entry and click the Measure tool in the Utilities panel. Click points A and B shown in Figure 6. The tooltip reads 5" Type O for Offset , press Enter, type 5 or Click the header line in the window opening and then click below it to offset a line on the outer edge of the wall.
Continue clicking each header and a point outside the building to offset a second header line in each window opening. Expand the Layers panel and open the Unsaved Layer State drop- down menu. Select New Layer State in the drop-down menu see Figure 6. Click the Turn All Layers On tool. Click the adjacent Thaw All Layers tool. Type layers. Apply Linetype In traditional drafting, you draw short, interrupted line segments when you want to indicate a hidden line. Hidden lines represent objects that are above the section plane.
For example, objects such as upper cabinets, high shelves, or roof www. In AutoCAD, lines are not interrupted broken into multiple little pieces to indicate hidden lines. Instead, continuous lines are assigned a linetype, e and this style makes lines appear as if they are interrupted. One advantage to this is that you can adjust the scale of the line breaks without having to redraw myriad little lines. Open the Linetype drop-down menu in the Properties panel and Objective select Other at the bottom of the menu see Figure 6.
In the Linetype Manager dialog box that appears, click the Load button. Zoom into the closet in the Marketing space and select both lines on the Millwork layer, representing a high shelf.
Open the Linetype drop-down menu in the Properties panel and select Hidden from the menu. Now the two selected lines have the Hidden linetype assigned. Type 48 or 50 for metric and press Enter. The lines appear with breaks indicating that the shelf is above the section plane see Figure 6.
The factor 50 is appropriate for metric drawings. Select the horizontal shelf line, right-click, and choose Properties from the context menu. Change Linetype Scale to 0. Higher values scale linetypes smaller. Press Esc to deselect the horizontal shelf line. The breaks in the horizontal line are half as large as those in the vertical segment see Figure 6.
Close the Properties panel. Open the Linetype drop-down menu on the Properties panel and select Hidden see Figure 6. Draw a line of arbitrary length anywhere on the canvas.
Open the Linetype drop-down menu on the Properties panel and select ByLayer. Draw another line and observe that it has continuous linetype. Select the continuous line drawn in step 2 and change its Linetype property to Hidden see Figure 6. Draw another line and verify that it has continuous linetype. Click the Layer Properties tool in the Layers panel.
The Layer Properties Manager appears see Figure 6. Double-click the blue parallelogram next to the new layer. Right-click any one of the column headers to access a context menu.
The green check mark Choose Maximize All Columns from this menu. Drag the 6. Click the Freeze column header to sort the column by that criterion vertical bars between columns to resize them. Click the Freeze column header again to reverse the sort order.
All columns are sortable. Click the word Continuous in the Linetype column in the Millwork- Upper layer. The two lines appear red with the Hidden 8.
Click the larger red swatch where indicated in Figure 6. Close the Layer Properties Manager. Zoom into the closet in the Marketing space and select both shelf properties. This system works completely independently of object and layer properties. This procedure is useful in situations where you want to focus on a chosen set of objects without visual distraction while you perform a task. Select all of the objects inside Objective the kitchen with a crossing selection see Figure 6.
Select the word Kitchen and the door and see them disappear. Click the Stretch button in the Modify panel. Make a crossing selection from point A to B, as shown in Figure 6. Toggle on Ortho mode if it is not on already. Select the same icon in the status bar, which now has the tooltip Unisolate Objects, and choose End Object Isolation from the menu that appears. The hidden and isolated objects are now once again visible.
You will also learn how to select and manipulate a group as a whole or access the members of the group individually whenever needed. This is because you have a higher level of organizational control over blocks than you do over individual entities. Zoom into the leftmost room above the desk. Click the Explode tool on the Modify panel, select the rectangle you just drew, and press Enter. Click the Fillet tool on the Modify panel, and click Radius on the command line.
Click the bottom and right edges to create another arc. Figure 7. Expand the Modify panel, click the Join tool, select all the objects making up the chair you are drawing, and press Enter. Toggle on Ortho mode on the status bar. Select the polyline you joined in step 6. Hover the cursor over the top-middle grip and select Convert To Arc from the multifunction grip menu that appears see Figure 7. Move the cursor upward, type 3 or 7 for metric , press Enter, and then press Esc to clear the selection.
Click the Explode tool on the Modify panel, press Enter, select the chair, and press Enter again. The polyline is converted into three lines and three arcs.
Click the Offset tool in the Modify panel, type 2 or 5 for metric , and press Enter. Select the arc you created in step 8 and then click a point above it on the drawing canvas to offset a new arc 2gg or 5 cm above. A spline object smoothly joins the arcs.
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